How to Buy Property in Portugal as a Foreigner

Buying property in Portugal as a foreigner is straightforward, with equal rights granted to non-residents. However, the process involves specific steps and documentation. Here's what you need to know:

• Property Market Trends: Prices have been rising, with a 16.3% year-on-year increase in Q1 2025. Lisbon (€6,934/m²) and the Algarve (€4,385/m²) are hotspots, but secondary cities like Braga and Évora are gaining interest.

• Legal Requirements: You'll need a Portuguese tax number (NIF), a local bank account, and identification. Non-EU buyers may need a fiscal representative.

• Golden Visa Changes: Real estate no longer qualifies for the Golden Visa since October 2023. Alternatives include the D7 and D2 visas.

• Buying Process: Steps include getting a NIF, opening a bank account, hiring a lawyer, signing a promissory contract (10–30% deposit), and finalizing the sale with a public deed.

• Costs: Expect additional expenses like Property Transfer Tax (IMT), Stamp Duty, legal fees, and annual property tax (IMI). Transaction costs typically add 6–8% to the purchase price.

• Financing: Non-residents can get mortgages covering up to 70% of the property value, with down payments of 30–40%.

Navigating the language and legal system can be challenging, so hiring a bilingual lawyer and working with certified professionals is highly recommended.

Legal Requirements for Foreign Buyers

Portugal is one of Europe’s most welcoming property markets for international buyers, offering no restrictions based on citizenship or residency. However, to legally complete a property purchase, certain documentation is required. Let’s break down the essentials to help you navigate the process smoothly.

Required Documents

Before purchasing property, ensure you have these key documents in order:

• Identification: A valid passport or EU national ID card is necessary.

• Tax Number (NIF): You’ll need a Portuguese tax number (NIF) for any financial transactions, including buying property or opening a bank account. Non-EU citizens might also need a fiscal representative to obtain their NIF.

• Portuguese Bank Account: Opening a local bank account is mandatory, not just for convenience but also to avoid exchange rate fluctuations.

• Proof of Address: This is required when setting up your bank account or completing other formalities.

If you’re considering a mortgage, additional financial documents will be needed. For non-resident buyers, banks typically require a deposit of 20–30% of the property’s value. It’s also wise to hire an independent lawyer early in the process to verify property ownership, check for debts, and review contractual details, ensuring everything is legally sound.

Residency Permits and Golden Visa Changes

In a major shift, Portugal removed real estate as a qualifying investment for its Golden Visa programme as of 6 October 2023. This change was introduced under the "Mais Habitação Law", which ended the option to secure residency through property purchases or related investment funds. By the close of 2022, the Golden Visa programme had already drawn over €6 billion in investments into the country.

For those still interested in residency, alternatives like the D7 visa (geared towards retirees and those with passive income) and the D2 visa (for entrepreneurs) remain viable options. Since the real estate route has been eliminated, investment funds have become a more prominent pathway for Golden Visa applicants.

Property Ownership Rights for Foreigners

Once you’ve completed your property purchase, you’ll enjoy the same ownership rights as Portuguese citizens. This includes the freedom to buy, sell, rent, renovate, or transfer your property. Portugal’s legal system provides strong protections for all property owners. The process of property registration and ownership verification is thorough, ensuring that your investment is safeguarded. By carrying out proper due diligence, you can fully understand your rights and secure your property with confidence.

Property Purchase Process: Step by Step

Navigating the property purchase process in Portugal requires careful attention to detail. The system is well-structured, ensuring that legal requirements are met and both buyers and sellers are protected. Here's a breakdown of the key steps involved.

Getting a Portuguese Tax Number (NIF) and Bank Account

The first step in your property purchase journey is obtaining a Portuguese tax number (NIF) and opening a local bank account. These are essential for any financial transactions in Portugal.

For EU/EEA residents, applying for a NIF can be done in person at local Finanças offices. Non-EU/EEA residents often find it easier to work with a fiscal representative. If you're short on time, several online services offer NIF processing, with fees typically ranging between €67 and €89. These services often include tax representation for up to a year.

Once you have your NIF, you can open a Portuguese bank account. You'll need to provide your passport, proof of address, NIF, and proof of income. Most banks require an initial deposit of around €250–300 to activate the account. Conveniently, some banks allow non-residents with a NIF to open accounts online, which can save you from making multiple trips to Portugal during the early stages of your property search.

With these essentials in place, the next step is to secure legal support to ensure your investment is protected.

Legal Support and Property Checks

Hiring a qualified lawyer is crucial to ensure the property you're considering is free from any legal or financial complications. Your lawyer will conduct thorough due diligence, verifying that the property has no encumbrances, mortgages, or outstanding debts. They'll also confirm that the property complies with the Local Urban Plan (PDM) registered with the Câmara Municipal and that all necessary building permits meet current regulations.

Legal fees generally range from 1% to 1.5% of the property's purchase price, excluding VAT. Your lawyer will also obtain a certificate of land registry (Certidão Permanente), which costs approximately €15–20 and is available online or at the relevant office.

In addition to legal checks, it's wise to arrange a professional property inspection. This will assess the structural integrity, electrical systems, and potential maintenance issues of the property. Inspection services typically charge between €300 and €600.

Once all legal and technical checks are complete, you can move on to formalising your purchase.

Contract Signing to Property Transfer

The final stage of the process involves two key contractual steps. First, there's the Promissory Contract (Contrato de Promessa de Compra e Venda). This legally binding agreement secures the property while final details are arranged. At this point, you'll usually pay a deposit of 10–30% of the purchase price. Your lawyer will ensure that the contract adheres to Portuguese law and safeguards your interests.

The purchase is finalised with the signing of the public deed (Escritura Pública de Compra e Venda) before a notary. During this step, you settle the remaining balance, and the property is officially transferred to your name. The transfer can be completed through a public deed with a notary or an authenticated private document. Once the deed is signed, the notary provides an official copy of the escritura pública, confirming the ownership transfer. The property is then registered at the Conservatória do Registo Predial.

Financing and Mortgage Options

When buying property in Portugal, understanding how banks evaluate foreign buyers and the financing terms they offer is crucial. While Portuguese banks do provide mortgages to foreigners, they apply stricter criteria compared to local residents.

Mortgage Access for Foreign Buyers

Portuguese banks typically finance up to 70% of a property's value for non-residents. They assess factors like financial stability, income, and savings, with residency status often making the approval process smoother. Applicants with stable jobs and predictable income streams are preferred, but self-employed individuals and retirees can also secure financing.

The approval process is thorough, with banks carefully reviewing every aspect of your financial profile at the credit committee stage. Lenders tend to favour straightforward cases, as one industry expert explained: banks have "enough people ready to snap up the 'vanilla' offering they have – so why waste their time and effort on anything non-standard". Additional conditions might include requiring applicants to already own property, maintaining savings beyond the deposit, and meeting minimum income thresholds. Retirement prospects during the loan term are also considered.

With these criteria in mind, let’s explore the specifics of down payments and loan terms.

Down Payment and Loan Terms

For non-residents, a down payment of 30–40% is standard, translating to a loan-to-value ratio of 60–70%. Residents, on the other hand, may qualify for financing of up to 80–90%. Loan durations are generally capped at 25 years or until retirement age, with banks basing borrowing limits on their own property valuation.

The age of the oldest borrower also plays a role in determining the maximum loan term, which can be a consideration for couples with a significant age gap. Both residents and non-residents are required to submit standard documentation, such as identification, proof of address, and income verification. However, banks are known to be "pretty inflexible about what they want".

Variable vs Fixed-Rate Mortgages

Portuguese mortgages come with three main interest rate options, each suited to different preferences and risk tolerances.

• Variable-rate mortgages adjust payments based on market conditions, with rates updated every six months according to Euribor rates. As of June 2024, the Euribor rate stood at around 3.6%. While these mortgages can offer savings during periods of falling rates, they also expose borrowers to market fluctuations.

• Fixed-rate mortgages provide consistent payments throughout the loan term, shielding borrowers from rising interest rates. In June 2024, fixed rates ranged between 2.5% and 3.3%. Although they offer predictability, fixed-rate loans may have higher initial costs and carry a 2% early repayment penalty on the repaid amount, compared to 0.5% for variable-rate loans.

• Mixed-rate mortgages combine the two approaches, starting with a fixed rate for a set period (usually 2–5 years) before switching to a variable rate.

The mortgage landscape in Portugal has recently shifted in favour of buyers. By January 2025, interest rates dropped below 4% for the first time in 18 months, with the National Statistics Institute reporting an average rate of 3.978%.

To secure the most favourable terms, it’s a good idea to compare offers from multiple lenders instead of sticking to just one bank. A qualified mortgage broker can also help you find better deals and navigate language challenges. If you value payment stability, opting for a fixed rate can provide peace of mind. Keeping your finances in order and maintaining a healthy debt-to-income ratio will improve your chances of getting better terms. Additionally, bundling insurance products with your mortgage can lower overall costs.

Taxes, Fees, and Property Costs

When buying property in Portugal, it's crucial to look beyond just the mortgage. A complete understanding of the taxes, fees, and ongoing costs will help you budget effectively and avoid any unexpected financial surprises. Here's a breakdown of the main expenses tied to property ownership in Portugal.

Property Transfer Tax (IMT) and Stamp Duty

One of the primary costs is the Property Transfer Tax (IMT), which must be paid before the ownership transfer. The rate depends on the type and value of the property, ranging from 0% to 8%. For residential properties, a progressive tax system is in place, offering lower rates for first-time buyers and more affordable homes:

For other property types, rural properties are taxed at a flat 5%, while commercial properties face a 6.5% rate.

In addition, Stamp Duty (Imposto de Selo) applies to all property transactions at a fixed rate of 0.8% of the property's fiscal value. This tax covers contracts and legal matters related to real estate. However, corporate property transactions are exempt from this duty.

Notary, Registration, and Legal Costs

Property transactions also involve notary, registration, and legal fees. Notary and registration fees typically range between €1,000 and €1,500, though they can be as low as €100 to €300 depending on the property's value and complexity. These fees generally account for about 1.5% to 2% of the purchase price.

Legal representation is highly recommended, particularly for foreign buyers. Legal fees can range from €1,000 to €2,500 for standard transactions, equating to about 1% to 1.5% of the purchase price plus VAT. Some solicitors charge between 1% and 3% of the purchase price, while others offer flat-rate services.

Property registration with the Land Registry adds another cost, averaging €100 to €250. For properties priced under €1,000,000, the combined additional costs typically amount to 6% to 8% of the purchase price, with total transaction costs reaching 10% to 12% of the property's value.

Annual Property Tax (IMI) and Insurance

Owning property comes with ongoing expenses, starting with the Municipal Property Tax (IMI). This tax is calculated annually based on the property's taxable value (VPT) and the rate set by the local council.

IMI rates vary depending on property type:

• Urban properties: 0.3% to 0.45%

• Rural properties: Fixed at 0.8%

To calculate your IMI, multiply the rate by the VPT. The VPT is determined by factors such as location, size, and condition of the property. You can find this information in the Property Tax Certificate (Caderneta Predial), accessible through the Portuguese Tax Authority's online portal (Portal das Finanças). Some property owners may qualify for IMI exemptions based on their household income and the property's value. Late payments, however, can result in fines and interest penalties.

Property insurance is another mandatory expense. Basic home insurance, covering risks like fire and floods, typically costs between €180 and €380 per year. It's a good idea to compare quotes from various providers to find the best coverage for your needs.

Additional ongoing costs include monthly utilities, which usually range from €80 to €180, as well as potential community fees for properties in managed developments.

Tips and Common Issues for Foreign Buyers

Once you've got a handle on the legal and financial steps involved in purchasing property in Portugal, there are some extra considerations to keep in mind. Navigating the process as a foreign buyer can come with its own set of challenges, but being prepared can make the experience smoother and help you avoid costly missteps.

Here’s a closer look at some practical advice to tackle common obstacles like language barriers and other pitfalls.

Dealing with Language Barriers

One of the biggest hurdles for foreign buyers in Portugal is the language. Most legal documents, contracts, and bureaucratic procedures are in Portuguese, which can lead to misunderstandings if you're not fluent.

To make things easier, work with real estate professionals who speak English. This ensures clear communication and avoids confusion during negotiations. When choosing a real estate agent, check their AMI (Associação dos Mediadores Imobiliários) licence number to confirm they’re properly certified.

It’s also a good idea to hire a bilingual lawyer who can review all legal documents. If needed, use a certified translator for official paperwork. Your lawyer should handle key checks, like verifying property titles, ensuring there are no outstanding debts, confirming planning permissions, and reviewing energy certificates before you commit to a purchase.

If you focus on areas like Lisbon, Porto, and the Algarve, you’ll find that many real estate professionals and service providers speak English, which can make the process less stressful.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

Foreign buyers often run into certain pitfalls that can complicate the buying process. Knowing what to watch out for can save you time and money.

One common mistake is skipping thorough due diligence. Some buyers fail to check the legal status of the property or review the paperwork properly. Your lawyer should ensure the property title is clean, confirm there are no debts tied to the property, and verify all necessary planning permissions. For older properties, it’s wise to arrange a property survey before making any commitments.

Another frequent error is trying to navigate Portuguese property law without professional legal help. It might seem tempting to cut costs, but this approach can lead to serious issues later. Always hire a lawyer who specialises in Portuguese property law to guide you through the process.

Cultural differences can also lead to complications. In Portugal, personal relationships and polite, diplomatic communication are highly valued. Building connections with local professionals and community members can greatly improve your experience. Adapting to a more indirect communication style can help avoid misunderstandings.

Unrealistic expectations about timelines can be another source of stress. Portuguese bureaucracy tends to move at a slower pace, so it’s important to be patient. Give yourself extra time for things like document processing, obtaining your NIF (tax identification number) through a fiscal representative, or opening a local bank account.

Finally, timing the market poorly can be costly. High demand in popular areas can increase competition and affect prices, so it’s essential to stay informed about market conditions.

Remote Property Search and Buying

If traveling to Portugal isn’t feasible, remote property searching offers a convenient alternative, but it requires careful planning and support from the right professionals.

Online platforms have made it easier than ever to search for properties remotely. Websites like Idealista, Rightmove Overseas, Kyero, and Green-Acres offer advanced filters, virtual tours, and direct access to agents, allowing you to narrow down your options before visiting Portugal.

For remote purchases, hiring a buyer’s agent is crucial. Unlike agents working for sellers, a buyer’s agent represents your interests, providing unbiased advice and potentially securing better deals. They can handle property viewings, conduct assessments, and manage much of the administrative work on your behalf.

Legal due diligence is even more critical when buying remotely. Your lawyer should thoroughly review the property title, confirm there are no debts, verify planning permissions, and check energy certificates to ensure there are no hidden issues.

The Portuguese government has made efforts to encourage foreign investment in real estate, which has simplified the remote buying process compared to many other countries. That said, it’s still a good idea to visit properties in person before making final decisions, especially for significant investments.

For those looking for professional assistance, Consulty Real Estate provides tailored services for remote property searches. From market analysis to exclusive listings and personalised consulting, their expertise can help make the process smoother for international buyers. They offer guidance every step of the way to ensure your remote purchase goes as planned.

Key Points for Buying Property in Portugal

If you're considering purchasing property in Portugal, there are some essential steps to ensure a smooth and secure process. From setting up your financial groundwork to finalising the purchase, here's what you need to know.

Start by obtaining a Portuguese Fiscal Number (NIF) and opening a local bank account. These are essential for handling financial transactions and making property-related payments.

It's highly recommended to hire an independent lawyer who specialises in Portuguese property law. This ensures the property is clear of any liens, disputes, or zoning issues. Legal fees typically amount to about 1% of the property's value, along with smaller additional costs for notary and registration services. Conducting thorough due diligence, such as property inspections and verifying the title, is critical at every stage.

The purchase process includes signing a preliminary contract and paying a deposit, arranging mortgage financing if necessary, and finalising the transaction with the deed of sale in the presence of a notary. These steps are explained in detail in the Property Purchase Process section.

Keep in mind that property prices in Portugal have seen a 10.8% increase year-on-year, with the median price now at €1,819 per square metre as of Q3 2024. Be prepared for additional costs like the property transfer tax (IMT), stamp duty, and annual municipal property tax (IMI), which were discussed earlier.

For those seeking professional assistance, Consulty Real Estate offers tailored services, including market insights, remote property searches, and legal support. They also provide mortgage brokerage and personalised advice, making it easier for international buyers to navigate Portugal's property market.

Finally, complete the process by registering the property at the local Land Registry to secure legal ownership and transferring utilities into your name.

FAQs

What residency visa options are available in Portugal after the Golden Visa changes?

With recent updates to Portugal's Golden Visa programme, real estate investment is no longer a route to residency. However, there are still various visa options for those looking to settle in Portugal.

Foreign nationals can consider the D7 Visa, tailored for retirees or individuals with a stable passive income, or the D2 Visa, which caters to entrepreneurs and self-employed professionals. Portugal also provides residency opportunities through capital transfers, creating jobs, or contributing to innovation and research. Importantly, after five years of legal residence, you may still be eligible for permanent residency or even citizenship, as long as you meet the required criteria.

These adjustments highlight Portugal's commitment to encouraging sustainable investments and fostering innovation while continuing to attract foreign residents.

How can I make sure my property purchase in Portugal is legally secure and free from issues?

To make sure your property purchase in Portugal is legally sound and hassle-free, start by confirming the property's ownership and legal standing through the Conservatória do Registo Predial (Land Registry). You should request a Certidão do Registo Predial (Certificate of Land Registry). This document will confirm who owns the property and reveal any liens, mortgages, or other restrictions tied to it.

It's a smart move to hire a local lawyer or notary who is well-versed in Portuguese property law. They can review all legal documents, including the purchase agreement, to ensure everything complies with the law. This professional guidance helps uncover potential risks, clarifies your legal responsibilities, and makes the buying process smoother. Taking this step is essential to protect your investment and avoid any unwelcome surprises later on.

What financial costs should foreigners expect when buying property in Portugal?

When buying property in Portugal as a foreigner, it’s crucial to account for extra expenses that typically add up to about 7-10% of the purchase price. These costs include taxes like the property transfer tax (IMT), stamp duty, notary fees, and registration charges. For properties priced under €1,000,000, the transfer tax usually ranges between 6-8%, though this can vary depending on the type and location of the property.

You’ll also need to factor in ongoing costs, such as the annual property tax (IMI). The IMI rate depends on the property’s value and the municipality but generally falls between 0.3% and 0.8%. Properties in sought-after areas or those classified as luxury may face higher rates.

As of 2025, Portugal has discontinued the Golden Visa programme for property purchases. However, foreigners can still stay in the country visa-free for up to 90 days or consider residence permits under the updated immigration laws. To make the process smoother and ensure everything is done correctly, seeking advice from a local legal expert is highly recommended.